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Latin American art is the combined artistic expression of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico, as well as Latin Americans living in other regions. The art has roots in the many different indigenous cultures that inhabited the Americas before European colonization in the 16th century. The indigenous cultures each developed sophisticated artistic disciplines, highly influenced by religious and spiritual concerns, and their work is collectively known as Pre-columbian art. The blending of Native American, African and European cultures has resulted in a unique mestizo tradition. ==Colonial Period== During the colonial period, a mixture of indigenous traditions and European influences (mainly due to the Christian teachings of Franciscan, Augustinian and Dominican friars) produced a very particular Christian art known as Indochristian art. In addition to indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art was significantly influenced by Spanish, Portuguese and French Baroque painting, which in turn was often influenced by the Italian masters. The Cuzco School is regarded as the first center of European-style painting in the Americas. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish art instructors taught Quechua artists to paint religious imagery based on classical and Renaissance styles.〔(The "Cusquenha" Art. ) ''Museu Histórico Nacional.'' (retrieved 30 April 2009)〕 In eighteenth-century New Spain, Mexican artists along with a few Spanish artists produced paintings of the system of racial hierarchy, known as casta paintings. At least one set was produced in Peru, but it was almost exclusively a Mexican form. In a break from religious paintings of the preceding centuries, casta paintings were a completely secular art form. Only one known casta painting by a relatively unknown painter, Luis de Mena combines castas with Mexico's Virgin of Guadalupe, but this is an exception. Some of Mexico's most distinguished artists painted casta works, including Miguel Cabrera. Most casta paintings were on multiple canvases, with one family grouping on each. There were a handful of single canvas paintings, showing the entire racial hierarchy. The paintings show idealized family groupings, with the father of one racial, mother of another racial category, and their offspring a third racial category. The genre flourished for about a century, coming to an end with Mexican independence in 1821 and the abolition of legal racial categories.〔Ilona Katzew, ''Casta Painting'', New Haven: Yale University Press 2005.〕 In the seventeenth century, The Netherlands had captured the rich sugar-producing area of the Portuguese colony of Brazil (1630-1654). During that period, Dutch artist Albert Eckhout painted a number of important depictions of social types in Brazil, including images of indigenous men and women, as well as still lifes.〔Dawn Ades, "Nature, Science, and the Picturesque" in ''Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980'', London: South Bank Center 1989, 64-65.〕 Scientific expeditions approved by the Spanish crown began exploring Spanish America and recording its flora and fauna. Spaniard José Celestino Mutis, a medical doctor and horticulturalist and follower of Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus, led an expedition starting in 1784 to northern South America, the ''Expedición Botánica de Nueva Granada''. Local artists were Ecuadorean Indians, who produced five thousand of color drawings of nature, which were published. The crown chartered expedition whose purpose was scientific recording of the natural beauty and wealth of Nature was a departure from the long tradition religious art.〔Stanton L. Catlin, "Traveller-Reporter Artists and the Empirical tradition in Post Independence Latin American Art" in ''Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980'', London: South Bank Center 1989, pp. 43-45, color plate 3.2 p. 44.〕 The most important scientific expedition was that of Alexander von Humboldt and French botantist Aimé Bonpland, who travelled for five years throughout Spanish America (1799-1804), exploring and recording scientific information as well as the attire and lifestyles local populations.〔Alexander von Humboldt, ''Voyage de Humboldt et de Bonpland, Première Partie; Relation Historique: Atlas Pittoresque: 'Vues de Cordillères et monuments de peuples indigènes de l'Amérique', Paris 1810.〕 Humboldt's work became an inspiration and template for continuing scientific work in the nineteenth century, as well as traveller reporters recording scenes of everyday life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Latin American art」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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